Hi!
Yes. By default only one language is loaded by WordPress (and Polylang does not load other for performance reasons).
You can inspire yourself from this to get translated strings registered with pll_register_string:
global $polylang;
foreach ($polylang->model->get_languages_list() as $language) {
$mo = new PLL_MO();
$mo->import_from_db($language);
$translation = $mo->translate($my_string);
...
}